.去年上托福课的时候记得老师讲过托福独立写作中，最官方的段落展开逻辑有几下几种：

TS+原因解释

TS+降层解释，把TS的某个抽象概念细化

TS+重复TS，引出进一步结果

E.g.   以互联网的最大好处为例

The greatest adventage of the internet is that it makes communication easier between people. For example, when studying abroad, international studens would not be bothered by the problem of homesickness, as they are enabled by instant communication tools, such as Facebook, to talk with their families on a daily basis. In addition, people suffering from the same disease are able to establish an online community where they can share inspiring stories of fighting diseases as well as uesful information for recovery.

黄色为TS

红色为论证方法，包含举例和因果

蓝色为修饰

上面的文章很好的验证了写作主体段的

今天up给大家分享的是关于原因解释，也就是论证方法的六个技巧

一. Exemplification(举例说明)

A good case in point is that...

A typical example can be found in...

Take ... for example...

..., which may include...

举例子的目的是把抽象的概念表达清楚

E.g. Unfortunately, professions from other fields, who make a much greater contribution to human society, are paid so much less that it is hard to disagree with the statement. Teachers, nurses, researchers etc, are never listed among the best-paid professionals.

使用Such as 时最好做插入语

Some technology, such as weapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact while others, such as medical advances, positively help people to live better and longer.

Factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skill to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to oue happiness.

二 .Analogy and contrast (类比与对比)

A is similar/analogous to B

similarly, in the same manner, likewise,

类比的目的是用人们熟悉的东西来解释新的东西

Genetic modification is analogous to nuclear power: nobody loves it, but climate change has made its adoption(采用) imperative(=necessary)

In comparison to/with A, B ...

compared to/with A.B ...

as opposed to A, B...

rather than/instead of...

I'd perfer to go on holiday on May, as opposed to September.

Children seem to learn more interesting things at school compared with learning online.

Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing there super salaries with those of top surgens or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the responsibilities of governing the country.

Others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the materal world or relationship with people, are the only way to true happiness.  这个句子超级棒

三. Explanation(解释说明)

目的也是把抽象概念说清楚，这里借用上文的举例论证的片段

E.g. Unfortunately, professions from other fields, who make a much greater contribution to human society, are paid so much less that it is hard to disagree with the statement. Teachers, nurses, researchers etc, are never listed among the best-paid professionals.

蓝色为举例说明

红色为解释说明

四.Cause and effect (因果论证)

也就大家常用的because了

这个太简单了，大家都会吧，这里up就给一个用因果论证扩展段落的例子吧

global language will promote communication across the world, narrowing the economic gap between rich countries and pooe countries.

这个句子只用了一个原因，一个结果

我们试着加入一个原因

remove the barrier of communication

我们再试着加入两个结果

foreign investment

trade. technique, vrious fields, interaction become convenient

来我们对比一下

global language will promote communication across the world, narrowing the economic gap between rich countries and pooe countries.

New version: A global language will promote communication across the world. As this language removes the barrier of communication, the interaction of various fields, such as trade and techique, will become more convenient. As a result, the poor countries will have more opportunities to obtain foreigh investment, narrowing the economic gap between them and rich countries

五.Concession and refutation （让步与反驳）

让步：although,admittedly公认的,

it is true that...

it is often the case that...

反驳：however, nevertheless, but, unfortunately

这两个例子使用范围很广

关于让步，我一般喜欢用于口语开头

栗子栗子

Although there are plenty of pubic places, I usually visit in my town, the city library always 

pops into my mind and standa at the first position of my bucket list for the following reasons.

关于反驳

Another explanation widely cited in the midia is the government-directed increase in university enrollment since the late 1990s. But even with that exansion, less than 8 percent of chinese population are college-educated compared with more than one in four in the U.S.

论证方法解释，反驳，比较     -语料来自 NY TIMES

六.Suppose（假设论证）

If...

Suppose that...

Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect...

It is not surprising that...

Then, since the transportation system is the lifeline of a country's economic activities, its paralysis would lead to the disintegration of the economy, either industry of farming or daylife. Suppose all the means of transportation were halted(stop) for lack of oil, factories with insufficient raw materials would have to close. wokers would be out of work, and ripe farm crops would have to stay in the fields at the mercy of rain and storms. People would try to store food and the price of all commodities would go up. If we take those power stations run by oil into account, situations would even become worse. In this case, oil decides the fate of  the whole economy.

本文段手因果论证，接下来运用假设和举例论证说明缺石油的种种不好情况