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Abstract: Gut microbiota is an important part of human micro-ecology, and also the largest and most complex microbial ecosystem. Gut microbiota were recently proposed to have an important role in the host nutrient absorption, the development of the intestinal immune system, and other important physiological processes; so they are closely related to human health and disease. The exclusion of enteric pathogens by these commensal microbes partially depends upon the production of bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) et al. At the same time, these fatty acids can be further transformed into polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives with special structure and function under the action of enteric microorganisms. These key enteric microbial byproducts are critical to maintaining a healthy gut flora. In addition, PUFAs play multiple key roles in host defense and immunity, including anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative activity, as well as the competition of intestinal pathogens. The source of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the intestinal tract and its important physiological functions, and further introduces the transformation and derivation mechanism of intestinal microorganisms to polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly reviewed. And it pointed out that enteric microorganisms are the production strain seed bank of special polyunsaturated fatty acids and derivatives, so increase the microbial species of functional oils production.
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