词根学习3：cept；fin；ject；tract；duc/duct

写在前面：

12.重复强调：请阅读英文学习，中文仅供参考对照生词等，勿深究中文语病。

11『CEPT』

CEPT comes from the Latin verb meaning “take, seize.” Capture, which is what a captor has done to a captive, has the same meaning. Captivate once meant literally “capture,” but now means only to capture mentally through charm or appeal. But in some other English words this root produces, such as those below, its meaning is harder to find.

CEPT来源于拉丁语动词，意思是“抓住，抓住”。“capture”，即“captor”对“captive”所做的事情，即抓住。captive曾经字面意思是“捕获”，但现在只意味着通过魅力与吸引力在精神上抓住。但在这个词根产生的其他一些英语单词中，比如下列单词，它的意思较难直接理解。

reception   [rɪˈsepʃn]

n.接待;招待会;接待处;欢迎;接待区;接待仪式;欢迎会;反应;反响;接收效果;接纳

(1) The act of receiving. (2) A social gathering where guests are formally welcomed.

(1)接收的行为。(2)正式欢迎客人的社交聚会。

Although the reception of her plan by the board of directors was enthusiastic, it was months before anything was done about it.

尽管董事会对她的计划反应热烈，但几个月后才采取行动。

Reception is the noun form of receive. So at a formal reception, guests are received or welcomed or “taken in.” A bad TV reception means the signal isn’t being received well. When a new novel receives good reviews, we say it has met with a good critical reception. If it gets a poor reception, on the other hand, that’s the same as saying that it wasn’t well-received.

reception是receive的名词形式。因此，在正式的招待会(reception)上，客人会受到接待或欢迎，或者“被接纳”。电视的reception不好意味着信号接收不好。当一部新小说获得好评时，我们说它meet with a good critical reception。而如果它的反响很差，那就等于说它isn’t well-received。

intercept   [ˌɪntərˈsept]

vt.拦截;拦阻;截住;

n.(数学)截距;截击;拦截;截听;拦截者

To stop, seize, or interrupt (something or someone) before arrival.

在其到达之前阻止、抓住或打断(某物或某人)。

The explosives had been intercepted by police just before being loaded onto the jet.

爆炸物在装上飞机之前被警方拦截。

Since the prefix inter means “between,” it's not hard to see how intercept was created. Arms shipments coming to a country are sometimes intercepted, but such interceptions can sometimes be understood as acts of war. In football, soccer, and basketball, players try to intercept the ball as it’s being passed by the other team. In years gone by, letters and documents being carried between officers or officials were sometimes intercepted when the carrier was caught; today, when these communications are generally electronic, an intercepted e-mail isn’t actually stopped, but simply read secretly by a third party.

由于前缀inter表示“between”，因此不难看出intercept是如何被构词的。运往一个国家的武器有时会被拦截，但这种拦截有时可以被理解为战争行为。在橄榄球、足球和篮球比赛中，当对方传球时，球员会试图拦截球。在过去的几年里，当承运人被抓住时，职员或官方之间携带的信件和文件有时会被拦截；今天，当这些通信通常是电子的时，被拦截的电子邮件不会被实际阻止，而是被第三方秘密读取。

perceptible   [pərˈseptəbl]

adj.可察觉的;可感知的;可察觉到的;看得出的;可感觉的

Noticeable or able to be felt by the senses.

感官可以察觉或感觉到的。

Her change in attitude toward him was barely perceptible, and he couldn’t be sure he wasn’t just imagining it.

她对他的态度变化几乎感受不到，他无法确定是否只是自己的想象。

Perceptible includes the prefix per-, meaning “through,” so the word refers to whatever can be taken in through the senses. A perceptive person picks up minor changes, small clues, or hints and shades of meaning that others can’t perceive, so one person’s perception-a tiny sound, a slight change in the weather, a different tone of voice-often won’t be perceptible to another.

perceptible包括前缀per-，意思是“through”，所以这个词指的是通过感官可以理解的任何东西。一个洞察力强的(perceptive)人会发现别人无法感知(perceive)的细微变化、小线索、暗示和意义的细微差别，因此一个人的感知(perception)——微小的声音、天气的轻微变化、不同的语调——通常不会被另一个人感知到。

susceptible   [səˈseptəbl]

adj.易受影响(或伤害等);敏感;过敏;好动感情的;感情丰富的;善感的;容许…的;可能…的;可以…的

(1) Open to some influence; responsive. (2) Able to be submitted to an action or process.

(1)受到某种影响；反应敏捷的(2)能够被提交给行动或过程的。

She impressed everyone immediately with her intelligence, so they’re now highly susceptible to her influence and usually go along with anything she proposes.

她给每个人的印象都很深刻，因为她的聪明，所以他们现在很容易受到她的影响，通常都会同意她提出的任何建议。

With its prefix sus-, “up,” susceptible refers to something or someone that “takes up” or absorbs like a sponge. A sickly child may be susceptible to colds, and an unlucky adult may be susceptible to back problems. A lonely elderly person may be susceptible to what a con man tells him or her on the phone. And students are usually susceptible to the teaching of an imaginative professor-that is, likely to enjoy and learn from it.

鉴于其前缀sus-，即“up”，susceptible指的是像海绵一样吸收的某物或某人。一个虚弱的孩子可能容易感冒，而一个不幸的成年人可能容易出现背部问题。一个孤独的老人可能容易受到骗子的影响。学生通常容易受到富有想象力的教授的教导，他们很可能会从中受益。

12『FIN』

FIN comes from the Latin word for “end” or “boundary.” Final describes last things, and a finale or a finish is an ending. (And at the end of a French film, you may just see the word “Fin.”) But its meaning is harder to trace in some of the other English words derived from it.

FIN来自拉丁语中的“结束”或“边界”。final描述最后的事情，而finale或finish是结尾。(在一部法语电影的结尾，你可能看到“Fin”。)但它的含义在其他一些源自它的英语单词中很难明确。

confine   [kənˈfaɪn]

vt.限制;限定;监禁;禁闭;使离不开(或受困于床、轮椅等);

n.范围;界限;边界;限度

(1) To keep (someone or something) within limits. (2) To hold (someone) in a location.

(1)限制(某人或某物)在一定范围内。(2)把(某人)保持在某个地方。

He had heard the bad news from the CEO, but when he spoke to his employees he confined his remarks to a few hints that sales had slipped.

他从首席执行官那里听到了这个坏消息，但当他与员工交谈时，他只对销售下滑的几点迹象进行了评论。

Confine means basically to keep someone or something within borders. A person under “house arrest” is confined to his or her house by the government. The discussion at a meeting may be confined to a single topic. A town may keep industrial development confined to one area by means of zoning. And when potholes are being repaired, traffic on a two-way road may be confined to a single lane.

Confine基本上是指将某人或某物限制在边界内。被软禁即为“confined”在家中。会议上的讨论“confined”于单一主题。城镇可以通过分区的方式将工业发展“confine”在一个区域内。当维修坑洞时，双向道路上的交通可能仅“confine”于单行道。

definitive   [dɪˈfɪnətɪv]

adj.决定性的, 最后的;最可靠的，权威性的;限定的, 限制的;〈生〉发育完全的, 定形的;

n.〈语〉限定词;普通邮票

(1) Authoritative and final. (2) Specifying perfectly or precisely.

(1)权威性和最终性。(2)完美或精确地指定。

The team’s brilliant research provided a definitive description of the virus and its strange mutation patterns. Something definitive is complete and final. A definitive example is the perfect example. A definitive answer is usually a strong yes or no. A definitive biography contains everything we’ll ever need to know about someone. 

该团队出色的研究为该病毒及其奇怪的突变模式提供了明确的描述。“definitive”的东西即为完整且最终的。一个“definitive”的例子就是完美的例子。一个“definitive”的答案通常是肯定或否定。一本“definitive”的传记包含了我们需要了解的关于某人的一切。

finite   [ˈfaɪnaɪt]

adj.有限的;有限制的;限定的

n.有限(性);有限物

Having definite limits.

有明确的界限。

Her ambitions were infinite, but her wealth was finite.

她的野心是无限的，但她的财富是有限的。

infinitesimal   [ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtesɪml]

n.无穷小;无限小;极微量;极小量

adj.极小的;微量的

Extremely or immeasurably small.

极小的或(无法测量的)无限小的。

Looking more closely at the research data, he now saw an odd pattern of changes so infinitesimal that they hadn’t been noticed before.

经过对研究数据的更仔细观察，他发现了一种奇怪的变化模式，这种变化非常微小，以前从未被注意到。

Just as infinite describes something immeasurable (“without limit”), infinitesimal describes something endlessly small.

正如“infinite”描述了无法测量的东西(无极限)一样，“infinitesimal”描述了无限小的东西。

13『JECT』

JECT comes from jacere, the Latin verb meaning “throw” or “hurl.” To reject something is to throw (or push) it back; to eject something is to throw (or drive) it out; and to inject something is to throw (or squirt) it into something else.

JECT来自拉丁语动词jacere，意思是“throw”或“hurl”(都是“扔”)。“reject”(拒绝)某物就是把它扔回去(或推回去)；“eject”(弹射)某物就是把它扔出去；而“inject”(注入)某物就是把它扔(或喷射)到其他东西里。

interject   [ˌɪntərˈdʒekt]

v.打断(别人的讲话);插话

To interrupt a conversation with a comment or remark.

用评论打断谈话。

His anger was growing as he listened to the conversation, and every so often he would interject a crude comment.

当他听谈话时，他的愤怒越来越大，而且他经常插嘴一句粗鄙的话。

According to its Latin roots, interject ought to mean literally “throw between.” For most of the word’s history, however, the only things that have been interjected have been comments dropped suddenly into a conversation. Interjections are often humorous, and sometimes even insulting, and the best interjections are so quick that the conversation isn’t even interrupted.

根据其拉丁语词根，interject的字面意思应该是“扔进两者之间”。然而，在这个词的大部分历史中，唯一被插入的东西是在对话中突然插入的评论。 “interjection”(感叹词)通常是幽默的，有时甚至是侮辱性的，最好的感叹词应用语速很快，不致中断对话。

conjecture   [kənˈdʒektʃər]

n.猜想;推测;猜测;臆测;揣测

v.推测;猜测

To guess.

猜。

He was last heard of in Bogotá, and they conjectured that he had met his end in the Andes at the hands of the guerrillas.

人们最后一次听说他是在波哥大(哥伦比亚的首都)，他被猜测死于安第斯山脉的游击队手中。

Formed with the prefix con-, “together,” conjecture means literally “to throw together”-that is, to produce a theory by putting together a number of facts. So, for example, Columbus conjectured from his calculations that he would reach Asia if he sailed westward, and his later conjecture that there was a “Northwest Passage” by sea from the Atlantic to the Pacific over the North American continent was proved correct centuries later.

由前缀con-(意即“together”) 构成的“conjecture”字面意思是“扔在一起”，即通过将一些事实组合在一起来产生一个理论。因此，例如，哥伦布从他的计算中推测，如果他向西航行，他将到达亚洲，而他后来的推测是，从大西洋到太平洋，在北美大陆上空有一条“西北航道”，这在几个世纪后被证明是正确的。

projection   [prəˈdʒekʃn]

n.预测;推断;设想;投射;放映;投影;放映的影像;投影图;突起物;(嗓音或声音的)发送，传送，放开;(思想感情的)体现，形象化

An estimate of what might happen in the future based on what is happening now.

根据现在发生的事情而对未来可能发生的事情的预测。

The president has been hearing different deficit projections all week from the members of his economic team.

总统整个星期都在听取其经济团队成员的不同赤字预测。

Projection has various meanings, but what they all have in common is that something is sent out or forward. A movie is projected onto a screen; a skilled actress projects her voice out into a large theater without seeming to shout; and something sticking out from a wall can be called a projection. But the meaning we focus on here is the one used by businesses and governments. Most projections of this kind are estimates of a company’s sales or profits-or of the finances of a town, state, or country-sometime in the future.

“Projection”有各种各样的含义，但它们的共同点是对一些东西的发送或推动。电影被投影到屏幕上；一位技艺精湛的女演员不需要大声喊叫就将自己的声音投射到一个大剧院里；从墙上伸出的东西可以称为“projection”。但我们在这里关注的是企业和政府使用的含义。这类“projection”大多是对公司销售额或利润的估计，或对未来某个时候某个城镇、州或国家的财务状况的估计。

trajectory   [trəˈdʒektəri]

n.弹道;(射体在空中的)轨道;轨迹

The curved path that an object makes in space, or that a thrown object follows as it rises and falls to earth.

物体在太空中形成的弯曲路径，或投掷物体在上升和降落到地面时所遵循的弯曲路径。

Considering the likely range, trajectory, and accuracy of a bullet fired from a cheap handgun at 100 yards, the murder seemed incredible.

考虑到一枚廉价手枪在100码距离处射出的子弹的预期射程、弹道和准确度，这起谋杀案似乎令人难以置信。

Formed with part of the prefix trans-, “across,” trajectory means a “hurling across.” By calculating the effect of gravity and other forces, the trajectory of an object launched into space at a known speed can be computed precisely. Missiles stand a chance of hitting their target only if their trajectory has been plotted accurately. The word is used most often in physics and engineering, but not always; We can also say, for example, that the trajectory of a whole life may be set in a person’s youth, or that a new book traces the long trajectory of the French empire.

由前缀trans-(即“cross”)的一部分组成的“trajectory”意味着“抛过”。通过计算重力和其他力的影响，可以精确计算以已知速度发射到太空的物体的“trajectory”(轨迹)。导弹只有在其“trajectory”(轨迹)被精确绘制的情况下才有机会击中目标。这个词在物理学和工程学中最常用，但并不总是；例如，我们也可以说，整个人生的“trajectory”可能设定在一个人的青春时期，或者一本新书追溯了法兰西帝国的漫长“trajectory”。

14『TRACT』

TRACT comes from trahere, the Latin verb meaning "drag or draw." Something attractive draws us toward it. Something distracting pulls your attention away. And when you extract something from behind the sofa, you drag it out.

TRACT来自拉丁语动词trahere，意思是拖拽或吸引。“attractive”的东西会吸引我们。“distracting”的东西会分散你的注意力。当你从沙发后面“extract”东西时，你把它拖出来。

traction   [ˈtrækʃn]

n.拖拉;牵引力;拉力;牵引(使体内断骨复位的疗法);(车轮等对地面的)附着摩擦力

The friction that allows a moving thing to move over a surface without slipping.

允许运动物体在表面上移动而不滑动的摩擦力。

The spinning wheels were getting no traction on the ice, and we began to slip backward down the hill.

旋转的轮子在冰面上没有牵引力，我们开始向后滑下山。

A tractor is something that pulls something else. We usually use the word for a piece of farm machinery, but it’s also the name of the part of a big truck that includes the engine and the cab. Tractors get terrific traction, because of their powerful engines and the deep ridges on their huge wheels. A cross-country skier needs traction to kick herself forward, but doesn’t want it to slow her down when she’s gliding, so the bottom of the skis may have a “fish-scale” surface that permits both of these at the same time.

“tractor”是牵引其他东西的东西。我们通常用这个词来形容一台农业机械，但它也是大卡车的一部分的名称，包括发动机和驾驶室。“tractor”(拖拉机)由于其强大的发动机和巨大车轮上的深脊而获得了极好的牵引力。越野滑雪者需要“traction”(牵引力)来向前踢，但不希望在滑行时拖慢速度，因此滑雪板底部有一个“鱼鳞”表面以同时实现这两个条件。

retract   [rɪˈtrækt]

v.(使)缩回，(使)缩进(爪、触角、舌头等);(使)收起(飞机起落架等);撤回，收回(声明、诺言、意见等);〈语〉收舌发(音);〈棋〉悔(着);变卦，食言

(1) To pull back (something) into something larger. (2) To take back (something said or written).

(1)把(某物)拉回更大的东西。(2)收回(所说或写的东西)。

She was forced to retract her comment about her opponent after it was condemned in the press.

在被媒体谴责后，她被迫撤回了自己对对手的评论。

The prefix re- (“back”) gives retract the meaning of “draw back.” Just as a cat retracts its claws into its paws when they aren’t being used, a public figure may issue a retraction in order to say that he or she no longer wants to say something that has just been said.

前缀re-(“back”)赋予了“retract”收回的含义。正如猫在爪子不被使用时将爪子收回一样，公众人物可能会发布“retraction”(撤回声明)，表示撤回方才的发言。

protracted   [prəˈtræktɪd]

adj.延长的;拖延的;持久的

Drawn out, continued, or extended.

拉长的，继续的或延长的。

No one was looking forward to a protracted struggle for custody of the baby.

没有人期待着为孩子的监护权而进行一场旷日持久的斗争。

With its prefix pro-, “forward,” protracted usually applies to something drawn out forward in time. A protracted strike may cripple a company; a protracted rainy spell may rot the roots of vegetables; and a protracted lawsuit occasionally outlives the parties involved. Before the invention of the polio vaccines, polio’s many victims had no choice but to suffer a protracted illness and its aftereffects.

鉴于其前缀pro-，即“forward”，“protracted”通常适用于在时间上被拉长的东西。长期罢工可能会使公司瘫痪；长雨季可能会腐烂蔬菜的根；一场旷日持久的诉讼有时会比当事人的寿命更长。在小儿麻痹症疫苗发明之前，小儿麻痹症的许多受害者别无选择，只能忍受长期的疾病及其后遗症。

intractable   [ɪnˈtræktəbl]

adj.棘手的;很难对付(或处理)的

Not easily handled, led, taught, or controlled.

不容易处理、引导、教导或控制。

Corruption was the country’s intractable problem, and for many years all foreign aid had ended up in the colonels’ pockets.

腐败是该国的棘手问题，多年来，所有外援都落入上校的腰包。

Intractable simply means “untreatable,” and even comes from the same root. The word may describe both people and conditions. A cancer patient may suffer intractable pain that doctors are unable to treat. An intractable alcoholic goes back to the bottle immediately after “drying out.”

“intractable”基本上是“untreatable”，甚至来自同一个根源。这个词既可以描述人，也可以描述条件。癌症患者可能会遭受医生无法治疗的顽固性疼痛。一个顽固的酒鬼在戒断后立即回归酒瓶为伴的生活。

15『DUC/DUCT』

DUC/DUCT, from the Latin verb ducere, “to lead,” shows up regularly in English. Duke means basically “leader.” The Italian dictator Mussolini was known simply as Il Duce, “the leader.” But such words as produce and reduce also contain the root, even though their meanings show it less clearly.

DUC/DUCT，来自拉丁语动词ducere，意为领导，在英语中经常出现。“Duke”的意思基本上是“领袖”。意大利独裁者墨索里尼被简单地称为“Il Duce”，即领袖。但produce和reduce等词尽管也包含其词根，但其含义难以辨明。

conducive   [kənˈduːsɪv]

adj.有利于;使容易(或有可能)发生的

Tending to promote, encourage, or assist; helpful.

倾向于促进、鼓励或帮助的；有用的

She found the atmosphere in the quiet café conducive to study and even to creative thinking.

她发现安静的咖啡馆里的气氛有利于学习，甚至能酝酿创造性思维。

Something conducive “leads to” a desirable result. A cozy living room may be conducive to relaxed conversation, just as a boardroom may be conducive to more intense discussions. Particular tax policies are often conducive to savings and investment, whereas others are conducive to consumer spending. Notice that conducive is almost always followed by to.

一些“conducive”(有益)的事情导致一个理想的结果。舒适的客厅可能有利于轻松的交谈，就像董事会会议室可能有利于更激烈的讨论一样。特定的税收政策通常有利于储蓄和投资，而其他政策则有利于消费者支出。注意，conductive后面几乎总是接to。

deduction   [dɪˈdʌkʃn]

n.演绎;推论;推理;扣除(额);减去(数)

(1) Subtraction. (2) The reaching of a conclusion by reasoning.

(1)减法。(2)通过推理得出结论。

Foretelling the future by deduction based on a political or economic theory has proved to be extremely difficult.

事实证明，通过基于政治或经济理论的推断来预测未来是极其困难的。

Deduction also means “reasoning,” and particularly reasoning based on general principles to produce specific findings. Mathematical reasoning is almost always deduction, for instance, since it is based on general rules. But when Dr. Watson exclaims “Brilliant deduction, my dear Holmes!” he simply means “brilliant reasoning,” since Sherlock Holmes’s solutions are based on specific details he has noticed rather than on general principles.

演绎也意味着推理，特别是基于一般原则的推理，以产生具体的结果。例如，数学推理几乎总是推理，因为它是基于一般规则的。但当华生惊呼“完美的推理，我亲爱的福尔摩斯！”时，他的意思只是“聪明的推论”，因为福尔摩斯的解决方案是基于他注意到的具体细节而不是一般原则。

induce   [ɪnˈduːs]

vt.诱导;引起;导致;诱使;劝说;引产;催生

(1) Persuade, influence. (2) Bring about.

(1)说服、影响。(2)带来。

To induce him to make the call we had to promise we wouldn't do it again.

为了诱使他打电话，我们必须保证不会再做了。

Inducing is usually gentle persuasion; you may, for instance, induce a friend to go to a concert, or induce a child to stop crying. An inducement is something that might lure you to do something, though inducements are occasionally a bit menacing, like the Godfather’s offer that you can’t refuse. Induce also sometimes means “produce”. thus, doctors must at times induce labor in a pregnant woman. Notice that induct and induction are somewhat different from induce and inducement, though they come from the identical roots.

诱导通常是温和的劝说；例如，你可以诱导朋友去听音乐会，或者诱导孩子停止哭泣。诱因是一种可能诱使你做某事的东西，尽管诱因有时有点吓人，比如教父的提议，你无法拒绝。诱导有时也意味着“生产”。因此，医生有时必须为孕妇引产。

seduction   [sɪˈdʌkʃn]

n.诱奸;诱惑力;魅力;吸引力

(1) Temptation to sin, especially temptation to sexual intercourse. (2) Attraction or charm.

(1)犯罪的诱惑，尤指性。(2)吸引力或魅力。

The company began its campaign of seduction of the smaller firm by inviting its top management to a series of weekends at expensive resorts.

该公司开始了吸引这家小公司的活动，邀请其高级管理人员在昂贵的度假胜地度过一系列周末。

Seduction, with its prefix se-, “aside,” means basically “lead aside or astray.” Seduction takes less physical forms. Advertisements constantly try to seduce us (often using sex as a temptation) into buying products we hadn’t even known existed.

诱惑，前缀为se-，“aside”，意思基本上是“引开或误入歧途”。诱惑采取较少的身体形式。广告经常试图引诱我们(通常以性作为诱惑)购买我们甚至不知道存在的产品。